Skip to main content
Pharmacy Semaglutide

The molecule, the preparation and the result.

The Semaglutide reading shelf

The preparations and outcomes make more sense with their papers still attached.

Tablet formulation reviews and clinical trials

For the preparation question, I favor opening the SNAC absorption review first. It explains why the tablet is an accomplishment without making its practical conditions disappear. PIONEER 1 and OASIS 1 then put the oral preparation into clinical trials with different populations and purposes.

For the injection, STEP 1 is the weight-management starting point. SELECT enlarged my interest beyond weight; FLOW adds the kidney-disease question. SUSTAIN-6 is especially useful beside the safety review, because the same account needs both the cardiovascular result and the eye signal.

SURMOUNT-5 is the direct comparison with tirzepatide. Its shared trial frame is the reason to read it before comparing averages from different studies.

The animal shelf has its own place

Gabery and colleagues studied semaglutide's appetite-related effects in rodents. Secher and colleagues studied liraglutide in mice, not semaglutide in people. Singh and colleagues examined how appetite-neuron activity depends on time and metabolic state in rodents. The alcohol-intake paper is also preclinical.

I enjoy the explanatory ambition of these papers. They sit beside the human outcomes, with their species and compounds intact. The audited list below retains the full publication details, including the additional tablet and kidney analyses.

  1. Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. ↗
  2. Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. ↗
  3. Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. ↗
  4. Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020;5(6):e133429. ↗
  5. Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:645563. ↗
  6. Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(2):109-121. ↗
  7. Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(18):1772-1782. ↗
  8. Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023;41(3):361-372. ↗
  9. Knop FK, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10403):705-719. ↗
  10. Aroda VR, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral semaglutide 25 mg and 50 mg compared with 14 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER PLUS): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3b trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10403):693-704. ↗
  11. Aroda VR, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(9):1724-1732. ↗
  12. Chuong V, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023;8(12):e170671. ↗
  13. Singh I, et al. Time and metabolic state-dependent effects of GLP-1R agonists on NPY/AgRP and POMC neuronal activity in vivo. Mol Metab. 2021;54:101352. ↗
  14. Secher A, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4473-4488. ↗
  15. Mann JFE, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with semaglutide by severity of chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(40):4203-4212. ↗